Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction

1

Pt. I

Legal Techniques for Attenuating Entitlements Granted to the Party Allegedly Affected by a Subsidy

7

A

Explicit Techniques of Attenuation

11

B

Implicit Techniques of Attenuation

51

C

The Relative Weakness of Attenuations in the Countervailing Duty Field

87

Pt. II

Techniques of Attenuation as a Seed for the Birth of Legal Disputes

117

A

Legal Disputes Arising from the Ambiguous Link between Two Texts

119

B

Disputes Arising from Poorly Defined Concepts

173

C

The Failure of Extremist Techniques of Interpretation

199

D

The Surprising Vulnerability of Attenuations Favouring Developing Countries

239

E

The Difficulty to Apply Coherently Attenuations Derived from the Concept of "Distortion"

251

F

Causality between Subsidy and Injury for the Purpose of Countervailing Duties: A Legally Indeterminate Attenuation

281

Pt. III

Obstacles in the Way of Clarifying Attenuated Norms through the Case Law Process

305

Annex

355

Bibliography

413

Table of Cases

414

Index